工况紧急程度对驾驶员避撞行为的影响

Impacts of Situational Urgency on Drivers’ Collision Avoidance Behaviors

摘要:

利用同济大学8自由度高仿真驾驶模拟器研究了临撞工况紧急程度对驾驶员避撞行为的影响.通过不同初始车头时距（<1.0 s, ［1.0 s,1.5 s), ［1.5 s,2.5 s］）和不同前车减速度（0.30g, 0.50g, 0.75g）的组合，建立了不同紧急程度的前车减速临撞工况，运用驾驶员感知反应时间、油门释放反应时间、制动转移时间、制动延误、最大刹车踏板压力、最大减速度等指标比较了不同紧急程度下避撞行为的差异.结果表明，①随着工况紧急程度的增加，驾驶员更快地释放油门及达到最大刹车踏板压力，并且施加更大的制动力度；②当初始车头时距为1.5 s左右时，驾驶员感知反应时间约为1.2 s，而当初始车头时距增大到2.5 s以上时，感知反应时间变得非常大，甚至达到了3 s；③驾驶员开始释放油门与开始制动间的转移时间不受工况紧急程度影响，保持在0.8 s附近；④在低紧急程度下，驾驶员表现出多阶段刹车行为，使得驾驶员需要更多的时间才能达到最大刹车踏板压力.

Abstract:

Using the high fidelity Tongji University driving simulator with 8 degrees of freedom, this study examined impacts of situational urgency on drivers’ collision avoidance behaviors. By combining different initial headways (<1.0 s, ［1.0 s, 1.5 s), ［1.5 s, 2.5 s］) and different lead vehicle deceleration rates (0.30g, 0.50g, 0.75g), rearend collision scenarios with different levels of situational urgency were established. Drivers’ perception response times (PRT), throttle release response times, throttle to brake transition times, brake delays, maximum brake pedal pressures and peak decelerations were compared across different levels of situational urgency. Results show: ①At higher situational urgency, drivers release the accelerator faster, and brake to maximum more quickly and forcefully; ②PRT was near 1.2 s when the initial headway was round 1.5 s, but PRT increased dramatically when initial headways were larger than 2.5 s, and could even reach 3 s; ③Transition time between throttle release and brake initiation is about 0.8 s and is not affected by situational urgency; ④At lower situational urgency, multistage braking behavior leads to longer delay from brake initiation to full braking.