加速碳中和的能源载体和动力总成技术

Accelerated Transition to CO2 Neutrality—Energy Carriers and Powertrain Technologies

摘要:

由于“巴黎协定”和中国碳中和的气候保护目标及对能源独立的追求，需要加速对节能减排和二氧化碳中和的技术研究与开发。目前，在汽车动力系统的节能减排与碳中和方面，主要有3种发展概念：电池驱动；燃料电池驱动；基于二氧化碳中和的内燃机可持续合成燃料驱动。根据能源使用的生命周期，将效率因素简化归纳为决策因素，在时间上无法反映出减少二氧化碳排放及减少化石能源的需求。与必要的能源供应相比，可再生能源的区域可用性有限，因此须以成本效益优势的方式来解决化石能源大规模替代的技术与基础建设问题。除了直接使用可再生电力外，绿色氢气和衍生的合成燃料可以大大加快化石能源的替代。短期内，合成燃料可以实施到全球的现有车辆上（约12亿辆），并持续增加混合汽油、柴油或天然气的混合比例，直到化石能源完全被绿色的氢气、合成燃料或电力所取代。介绍了氢气动力系统（H₂内燃机和燃料电池动力系统）与合成燃料相关的技术解决方案。

Abstract:

Due to the ambitious climate protection targets of the ‘Paris Agreement’ （2050） and China （2060） and the pursuit of energy independency， an increased technology-independent research and development of energy efficient and CO₂ neutralization methods is needed^［1-2］. Basically， there are three main powertrain concepts for vehicles available： battery electric drive， fuel cell powered electrical drive， and CO₂ neutral sustainable synthetic fuel powered combustion engines. A simplified subsumption of efficiency factors along the process chain from cradle to grave as decision factor does not reflect the most efficient reduction of CO₂ emissions and reduction of fossil energy demand over the timeline. Due to regional limited availability of renewable energy compared to necessary energy supply， a lot of technical and infrastructural problems must be solved in a cost-efficient way in order to enable this large-scale substitution of fossil energy. In addition to the direct use of renewable electricity， green hydrogen and derived synthetic fuels are unique enablers to accelerate the substitution of fossil energy significantly. Synthetic fuels can be implemented short-term and worldwide for the whole existing vehicle fleet （approx. 1，2 billion vehicles） by utilization of the installed energy logistics. The "drop-in" rate can be successively increased （blending of gasoline， diesel， or natural gas） until complete substitution by green hydrogen， synthetic fuels， or direct use of electricity. This paper is presenting both hydrogen powertrains （H₂ combustion engine and fuel cell powertrain） and synthetic fuels， and technical solutions therefor.