考虑安防措施的撬装氢压缩机系统安全性分析

Safety Study of a Skid Mounted Hydrogen Compressor Considering Protection Measures

摘要:

首先对氢压缩机氢安全事故进行了汇总与分析；进而开展基于故障树的撬装氢压缩机氢燃爆事故危险源识别；然后应用事件树分析，研究考虑系统安防措施的氢安全事故后果与发生概率；最后基于FLACS软件，结合人身与建筑物伤害标准，开展考虑安防措施的射流火焰、闪火与燃爆事故的风险量化评价，并提出了安防措施的优化建议。研究表明：氢泄漏主要是由设计缺陷和操作失误所引发，而氢泄漏检测装置的失效对燃爆事故有较大影响；各类氢安全事故发生概率均小于3.3×10^-3/年，但氢气泄漏后氢射流火灾事故发生概率较高；对于射流火焰事故，最高温度可达2 329.8 ℃，最大热流密度可达399.0 kW/m²；对于闪火事故，最大损伤半径可达7.7 m，最高温度可达3 069.5 ℃；对于燃爆事故，其伤害半径最大为5.5 m，最大超压为10 bar。这些事故均会造成严重的人身伤害与集装箱结构损伤，因此压缩机安全距离应设置为7.7 m以上；而提高氢浓度传感器灵敏度、优化氢浓度传感器布局位置、增强排风系统排风量等措施可有效增强系统的安全性。

Abstract:

This paper summarizes and analyzes the hydrogen safety accidents of hydrogen compressors based on the description of skid-mounted compressor systems； then， a fault-tree-based hazard identification of skid-mounted hydrogen compressor systems is carried out for combustion and explosion accidents caused by hydrogen leakage； after that， an event tree analysis is applied to study the consequences and probability of hydrogen safety accidents considering system protection measures； finally， the consequences of jet flame， flash fire and explosion accidents caused by the hydrogen leakage considering protection measures is carried out based on FLACS software， combined with personal and building injury standards； besides， the optimization suggestions of safety equipment are proposed. The study shows that hydrogen leakage is mainly triggered by design faults and operational errors. Besides， failure of protection measures has a greater impact on fire or explosion events caused by hydrogen leakage； the probabilities of hydrogen safety accidents are all less than 3.3×10^-3/year， and jet fire happens the most frequently. In addition， the results of the accidents consequences show that， for the jet fire， the max temperature is 2329.8℃， and the maximum heat flux density is 399.0kW/m²； for the flash fire accident， the maximum damage radius is 7.7m， the highest temperature is 3069.5 ℃； for the explosion accident， the maximum damage radius is 5.5m， the maximum overpressure of 10 bar. These accidents will cause serious personal injury and container structure damage. In addition， the safe distance should be larger than 7.7m. Moreover， the safety of the system can be effectively enhanced by improving the sensitivity of the hydrogen concentration sensor， optimizing the layout position of the hydrogen concentration sensor and enhancing the exhaust air volume of the exhaust system.