摘要
以上海市某水源地原水为研究对象,针对水源水中存在的抗生素和农药等特征污染物,研究了不同预氧化过程对特征污染物的去除效果。研究发现:相同剂量氧化剂( 0.2 ~ 0.8 mg·
预氧化作为一种前处理方法可有效降低水中有机物及藻类等的浓度,改善混凝效果。目前使用的预氧化技术主要有预氯化、预臭氧及预高锰酸钾等。预氯化是最早和最广泛使用的预氧化工艺,自由氯作为一种常备药剂,在应对污染应急处理技术时相较于其他预氧化工艺有更大的优
人工合成有机物质通过废水排放、降雨、泄漏或事故等途径进入天然水体,目前国内外原水中已检出2 000多种人工合成有机物,其中有100多种物质具有“致癌、致畸、致突变”作
开展适用于目标水源水质的预处理工艺,对于保障饮用水安全和提高水厂对新兴污染物的去除效率有着重要的现实意义。本研究主要考察了不同预氧化方法(氯、高锰酸钾和臭氧)对多种抗生素和有机氯农药的去除效果,提出了对于不同特征污染物去除的最佳的投加量和投加条件,可为原水预处理生产运行提供可靠的数据支持。
试验所用的抗生素标准品购自Dr. Ehretorfer(Germany),标准抗生素溶液(LC级)溶解于甲醇中保存,每种抗生素的浓度为500 mg·
试验使用的无机试剂硫酸、盐酸、氢氧化钠、无水硫酸钠、硫代硫酸钠、高锰酸钾、氯化钠等试剂均为优级或分析纯试剂,购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司。试验使用的有机溶剂甲基叔丁基醚 (MTBE) 、正己烷、甲醇、乙腈等为色谱纯试剂,购自美国Fisher公司。试验中所需要使用的次氯酸纳溶液 (5%有效氯) 购自于Sigma-Aldrich公司,使用次氯酸钠前其有效氯含量均采用DPD法标定。所有反应用溶液选用Milli-Q(Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA)制备水配置。试验所用O3由ZX-20小型臭氧发生器制备。
试验选取氯、高锰酸钾和臭氧三种常见氧化剂作为预氧化剂,对比不同预氧化剂的浓度和不同pH条件下抗生素和有机氯农药的去除效果。水库采水点为水库泵前水,用于分析的水样经过0.45 μm的醋酸纤维膜过滤之后,用棕色琥珀瓶避光储存在4°C冰箱待测。调节水样pH值至7.0 ~ 9.0之间,加入预氧化剂 (预氧化剂的加入量控制在0.2 ~ 0.8 mg·
水样富集方法。本文中SPE萃取柱为商品化的聚丙烯固相萃取柱 (SUPELCO ENVI-18, 17% C, 6 mL·
有机氯农药的富集步骤与抗生素相同,不同点为将水样过0.45 μm的过滤膜后pH调为4后萃取,干燥完后采用5 mL正己烷洗脱。有机氯农药的检测采用EPA8081方法,固相萃取富集后用GC-ECD检测有机氯农药。GC-20102配电子捕获器(ECD)和HP-5毛细管柱(30 m × 0.25 mm , 0.25 μm膜厚度, J&W, USA),射入口温度为225℃,检测器温度为290℃,载气氮压力为110 kPa,流速为30 mL·mi
本研究在上海市某水源水中共检出4种四环类种抗生素(四环素TC、金霉素CTC、土霉素OTC、强力霉素DOX)和4种磺胺类抗生素(甲氧苄氨嘧啶TMP、磺胺二甲嘧啶SM2、磺胺甲恶唑SMX、磺胺甲氧哒嗪SMP),通过对其进行连续检测分析,获得了这些抗生素在一年内的浓度变化规律,结果如

图1 抗生素浓度随时间的变化
Fig.1 Antibiotic change with time
从
本研究比较了国内外几个水源的抗生素浓度水平,结果如
本研究同时发现该水源水中存在明显的有机氯农药检出情况,因此针对水源水中可能存在的有机氯农药进行每月采样分析,结果如

图2 有机氯农药随时间的变化
Fig.2 Organic chlorine pestcides change with time
实验过程中不调节水源水pH,向水源水中投加不同剂量的预氧化剂,反应5 min后用适量硫代硫酸钠淬灭,随后检测水源水中8种抗生素的浓度,结果如

图3 不同浓度的预氧化剂对于抗生素的去除率
Fig.3 Removal rate of antibiotics by different concentrations of preoxidant
氯对抗生素的去除效果。从
高锰酸钾对抗生素的去除效果。从
臭氧对抗生素的去除效果。从
有机氯农药由于结构稳定,在水中很难被去除,尤其是DDT类的有机氯农药难以被氧
实验过程中不调节水源水pH,向水源水中投加不同剂量的预氧化剂,反应5 min后用适量硫代硫酸钠淬灭,随后检测水源水中4种有机氯农药的浓度,结果如

图4 不同浓度的预氧化剂对于抗生素的去除率
Fig.4 Removal rate of organic chlorine pestcides by different concentrations of preoxidant
氯对有机氯农药的去除效果。由
高锰酸钾对有机氯农药的去除效果。如
臭氧对有机氯农药的去除效果。如
自由氯在不同pH下的形态不同,会影响其氧化能力。所以本研究考察了不同pH条件下氯对典型污染物的去除效果。pH对高锰酸钾和臭氧的氧化性有着较大影响,在酸性条件下,高锰酸钾具有很强的氧化能力;碱性条件下,臭氧的氧化能力会受到很大影响。所以考察pH对于预氧化去除典型污染物的影响十分重要。
实验用少量的稀硫酸或稀氢氧化钠调节水样初始pH = 7.0、8.0、9.0,然后投加0.8 mg·

图5 不同pH的预氧化剂对于抗生素的去除率
Fig.5 Removal rate of antibiotics by different pH of preoxidant
不同pH条件下氯对抗生素的去除效果。从
在酸性条件下,氯的形态主要为HOCl分子,随着pH升高,Cl
不同pH条件下高锰酸钾对抗生素的去除效果。从
不同pH条件下臭氧对抗生素的去除效果。从
臭氧的分解条件和pH有着极大的关系,在酸性条件下,主要是以氧自由基的氧化作用去除,而在碱性条件下,受溶液中O
实验用少量的稀硫酸或稀氢氧化钠调节水样初始pH = 7.0、8.0、9.0,然后投加预氧化剂 (0.8 mg·

图6 不同pH的预氧化剂对于有机氯农药的去除率
Fig.6 Removal rate of organic chlorine pestcides by different pH of preoxidant
不同pH条件下氯对有机氯农药的去除效果。由
不同pH条件下高锰酸钾对有机氯农药的去除效果。
不同pH条件下臭氧对有机氯农药的去除效果。
(1)对于抗生素,相同浓度水平下的去除效果臭氧 > 高锰酸钾 > 氯。氯投加量从0.2提高到0.8 mg·
(2)对于有机氯农药,相同浓度水平下的去除效果臭氧 > 高锰酸钾 > 氯。氯对α-BHC基本没有效果。当投加量由0.2上升到0.4 mg·
(3)臭氧对于α-BHC有比氯和高锰酸钾更好的效果,相同浓度下对其他的农药也都能取得比氯和高锰酸钾更好的效果。当投加量当由0.2 mg·
作者贡献声明
徐斌:方案制定,论文修改;
艾健:开展实验,撰写论文;
钱灏:开展试验,分析数据;
唐玉霖:论文修改。
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