摘要
十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)和1,2‒双(2,4,6‒三溴苯氧基)乙烷(BTBPE)作为新型溴系阻燃剂,因具有亲脂性和持久性而易于在环境介质中累积。总结了DBDPE和BTBPE在生物和非生物环境介质中的分布特征。DBDPE和BTBPE易与固相紧密结合,土壤、污泥和粉尘中的浓度远高于其他环境介质中。DBDPE和BTBPE在生物中的分布与生物种类、器官组织等有一定关系,并且在人体母乳、血液和头发中也有检出。商业化DBDPE和BTBPE的生产和使用以及电子垃圾拆解活动是DBDPE和BTBPE在环境中的主要来源。未来需对DBDPE和BTBPE在不同环境介质中的迁移转化行为、生物效应的分子机制进一步展开研究。
溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)是全世界应用最广泛的阻燃剂,被添加于电子电气设备、建筑材料和塑料制品等产品
DBDPE与BTBPE都属于添加型阻燃剂,与添加载体间没有化学键束缚,而且在室温下有较低的蒸汽
由于DBDPE和BTBPE具有持久性、生物累积性、毒性和长距离迁移性,因此受到越来越多的关注。总结了近些年来DBDPE和BTBPE在国内外大气、水体、污泥、土壤、植物、动物和人体等多种环境介质中的分布特征,并对今后的研究方向做了展望,为DBDPE和BTBPE的控制及管理提供科学依据。
DBDPE是一种添加型BFRs,化学结构(见

图1 DBDPE及BTBPE的结构式
Fig. 1 Structural formulas of DBDPE and BTBPE
BTBPE是一种具有低挥发性、良好热稳定性和耐光性的添加型BFRs(见
DBDPE和BTBPE作为添加型BFRs,室温下具有较低的蒸汽压,很容易在生产、使用和处理过程中进入大气,在世界各地大气中都有不同程度检出,甚至在一些偏远地区也有发
就全球而言,美国五大湖的偏远地区大气中DBDPE质量浓度(0.34~0.50 pg·
室内粉尘可能是人体吸入和皮肤摄入BFRs的主要途
大气中的DBDPE和BTBPE主要通过干湿沉降迁移到水体和土壤等环境介质中,土壤中的DBDPE和BTBPE也可以通过地表径流进入水体。同时,由于DBDPE和BTBPE具有较高的log Kow和有机碳‒水分配系数(log Koc),因此对水体中的悬浮颗粒物和沉积物具有较高的亲和
目前关于水体中DBDPE和BTBPE的研究较少,主要集中在中国、新加坡和加拿
由于DBDPE和BTBPE的强疏水性,因此一旦进入水体中,其主要分布相是沉积物。近年来随着DBDPE的广泛生产和使用,DBDPE已成为沉积物中主要的BFRs之
9 460.0 pg·
污水处理厂污泥中DBDPE和BTBPE是最常检测到的NBFRs,检出率要高于PBT、PBEB和HBB等NBFR
土壤是持久性有机污染物最主要的汇,目前在多个国家和地区的土壤中检出DBDPE和BTBPE,并且DBDPE是土壤中最主要的NBFR
1 612.00 ng·
BTBPE在土壤中也有一定检出,并且在电子垃圾拆解地的含量(0.09~4 150.00 ng·
植物主要从土壤和大气中吸收有机污染物。对于土壤吸收,污染物先溶解到土壤间隙水、被植物根系吸收,再向上传输至植物的其他部
由于DBDPE和BTBPE具有高亲脂性,在陆生和水生动物体内均能检测到其存在(见
1 000.00、1.71~518.00 ng·
目前陆生动物中DBDPE和BTBPE的研究主要集中在鸟类。蛋的高脂肪含量使其可能积累大量的有机污染物,因此被认为是环境中持久性有机污染物污染水平的良好指示
3 310.30 ng·
研究表明,DBDPE和BTBPE在水生食物链具有一定的生物放大作用。如加拿大温尼伯湖地区水生食物链中DBDPE的营养放大系数(TMF)值为8.6
关于人体内DBDPE和BTBPE的分布,主要以母乳、血液和头发为研究对象。研究发现,中国母乳中DBDPE含量(2.45~21.80 ng·
近年来,随着PBDEs的禁用,DBDPE和BTBPE等NBFRs开始被广泛生产并使用,在世界各地乃至北极、青藏高原等偏远地区的不同环境介质中被陆续检出,尤其是DBDPE浓度呈不断上升趋势,在某些区域甚至超过deca‒BDEs。电子垃圾拆解活动、商业化DBDPE和BTBPE的生产和使用是环境中DBDPE和BTBPE的主要来源。因此,DBDPE和BTBPE在不同区域的分布大致表现为:电子垃圾拆解地要高于非电子垃圾拆解地,城市及工业区高于农村地区,拥有较多电器的办公室高于居家环境。由于DBDPE和BTBPE具有较高的
log Kow,易与固相结合,在大气颗粒物、室内粉尘、沉积物、污泥和土壤中的浓度高于大气气相和水体溶解相等介质。对于生物介质,植物主要以树皮和叶片为主,动物主要集中在鱼类和鸟类,人体则通过血液、母乳及头发来研究DBDPE和BTBPE分布特征,在生物介质中的分布与生物种属、组织、营养级、生存环境和生活习性等有一定关系。总的来说,BTBPE在非生物环境介质中的浓度都明显低于DBDPE,也有研究发现在部分动物体内BTBPE的浓度高于DBDPE。
由于DBDPE和BTBPE的生物富集作用和毒性,因此未来仍需对其在不同生物介质中的分布特征展开研究,尤其食物链中的生物放大作用也值得格外关注。其次,需重点关注DBDPE和BTBPE在环境介质中的迁移转化行为,尤其是在生物体内的迁移转化过程及机制。最后,需加强DBDPE和BTBPE的生物效应及机制研究,从基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学及代谢组学对机理开展深入研究。这对评价DBDPE和BTBPE的生态风险和对人类潜在的健康危害都具有重要意义。电子垃圾拆解活动以及生产和使用DBDPE和BTBPE的企业是目前的主要污染源,因此要从污染源头来减少向环境中的排放,通过先进的处理工艺有效去除“三废”中DBDPE和BTBPE来尽量减少对生态环境和人类健康的影响。
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