摘要
研究了环境雌激素壬基酚(NP)对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸的影响,并利用宏基因组测序手段分析影响机制。NP促进污泥厌氧发酵产酸,随NP含量的提高,该促进作用呈先增加后减少的趋势。当NP含量为200 mg·k
污泥处理是我国水污染防治行业的重点,同时也是污水处理的短
部分工业废水携带持久性有机污染物进入城市污水处理
污泥厌氧发酵是各司其职的微生物利用复杂底物通过一系列反应最终生成所需产物的微生物发酵过
实验所用剩余污泥取自上海市某污水处理厂的回流污泥泵房。实验过程中,先将取回的新鲜剩余污泥于4 ℃下沉降24 h,弃去上清液,再经2.0 mm × 2.0 mm筛过滤去除其中的大颗粒杂质。沉降过筛后污泥的主要性质如
注: cTSS为总悬浮固体(污泥)质量浓度;cVSS为挥发性悬浮固体(污泥)质量浓度;TCOD为剩余污泥的总COD;SCOD为溶解性COD。
实验所用NP(正壬基酚,纯度为98%)购置于阿达玛斯试剂公司(上海),将NP溶解于甲醇(色谱级)中配制成1 000 mg·
NP影响污泥厌氧发酵实验的原料为NP储备污泥,具体制备过程如下:在相同规格的6个5 L玻璃瓶中加入相同体积的浓缩沉淀后剩余污泥,向各瓶中加入不同体积的NP储备液,并用甲醇补足NP储备液加入后的体积差,使得各瓶中NP含量分别为0、50、100、200、500、1 000 mg·k
污泥厌氧发酵产酸反应器为规格相同的600 mL血清瓶,瓶中分别加入NP含量为0、50、100、200、500、1 000 mg·k
TSS、VSS、COD的检测依据《水和废水分析检测方法
利用E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit(Omega Bio‒tek,美国)试剂盒、TBS‒380、NanoDrop200、1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行样品DNA抽提以及浓度、纯度、完整性检测。将DNA片段化,筛选约400 bp的片段用于构建宏基因组文库。使用NEXTFLEX®Rapid DNA‒Seq(Bioo Scientific,美国)建库,构建完成后进行桥式聚合酶链反应和测序,宏基因组测序使用Illumina NovaSeq/Hiseq Xten(Illumina,美国)测序平台,使用软件SeqPrep(https://github.com/jstjohn/SeqPrep)对reads 3’端和5’端的adapter序列进行质量剪切;使用软件Sickle(https://github.com/najoshi/sickle)去除剪切后长度小于50 bp、平均碱基质量值低于20以及含N碱基的reads,保留高质量的pair-end reads和single-end reads;使用基于succinct de Bruijn graphs原理的拼接软件MEGAHIT(https://github.com/voutcn/megahit)对优化序列进行拼接组装。在拼接结果中筛选≥300 bp的contigs作为最终的组装结果。使用MetaGene(http://metagene.cb.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/)对拼接结果中的contigs进行开放阅读框预测。选择核酸长度≥100 bp的基因,并将其翻译为氨基酸序列。使用SOAPaligner软件(http://soap.genomics.org.cn/)分别将每个样品的高质量reads与非冗余基因集进行比对(95% identity),统计基因在对应样品中的丰度信息,在此基础上进行物种与功能注释。
污泥厌氧产酸发酵反应器运行约20 d后进入稳定期,稳定后反应器中SCFAs产量随NP含量变化如

图1 SCFAs浓度及组成随NP含量的变化
Fig.1 Change of SCFAs concentration and composition with different NP contents
进一步分析发酵系统中SCFAs的组成(见
综上,NP促进污泥厌氧发酵产酸,促进作用随NP浓度的提高先增后减;NP含量为200 mg·k
污泥厌氧发酵产酸由多种功能微生物协同完成,因此研究该系统中微生物种群结构的变化对于揭示NP影响污泥发酵产酸的机理极为必要。由

图2 域和门水平微生物种群结构
Fig.2 Microbial community structure at domain and phylum level
在门分类水平上,由
NP对微生物种群结构有显著影响,而这些微生物在污泥厌氧发酵过程中执掌不同功能,分工合作最终产生了SCFAs,了解NP作用下发酵系统中微生物的功能可进一步揭示NP影响污泥发酵产酸的机理。以宏基因组测序技术为手段,基于京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)数据库进行注释和分析,与空白反应器相比,NP反应器中显著提高的微生物功能主要包括3类(见

图3 Level 3水平代谢通路相对丰度
Fig.3 Relative abundance of pathway on Level 3 level
厌氧发酵产生的乙酸由葡萄糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸等物质转化而来。涉及的主要代谢途径为以葡萄糖为底物的糖酵解、以氨基酸为底物的脱氨基作用(氨基酸代谢)和以脂肪酸为底物的β氧化。糖酵解是将葡萄糖转化为丙酮酸并产生少量ATP(能量)和还原型辅酶I(还原力)的过程,是产生重要前体代谢产物丙酮酸的主要途

图4 有机物降解及乙酸生成途径相关功能基因及其相对丰度
Fig.4 Functional genes related with organic substrates degradation and acetic acid production and their relative abundances
ABC转运蛋白将ATP水解与离子、糖、蛋白质、肽、氨基酸、脂质、固醇等底物主动运输结

图5 ABC转运蛋白功能基因及其相对丰度
Fig.5 Functional genes related with ABC transporter and their relative abundances
双组分信号转导系统是细菌感知、响应并适应外界环境或细胞内状态变化的调控系统。每个双组分信号转导系统均由传感器蛋白‒组氨酸激酶(HK)和应答调节蛋白(RR)组成。HK接收并响应环境中的信号,将其自身的保守His残基磷酸

图6 双组分信号转导系统相关功能基因及其相对丰度(p:磷酸;e:作用域)
Fig.6 Functional genes related with two-component system and their relative abundances (p: phosphate; e: effector domain)
群体感应(QS)是细菌共享有关细胞密度的信息并相应地调节基因表达的调控系统,QS调控的过程包括毒力因子产生、生物发光、抗生素合成、细胞运动、孢子和生物膜形成

图7 群体感应功能基因及其相对丰度
Fig. 7 Functional genes related with quorum sensing and their relative abundances
有机底物运输进入细胞内的ABC转运蛋白基因、有机底物进入细胞后转化为SCFAs代谢过程的功能基因以及产物SCFAs外排的ABC转运蛋白功能基因的相对丰度在NP刺激下提高。除产SCFAs的代谢功能外,NP促进了与细胞生长和保护机制密切相关的双组分信号转导和群体感应系统调控的生物膜和细胞膜合成相关的功能基因。
研究了NP对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸的影响。结果发现,NP促进了污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程,并且随NP含量的提高,该促进作用呈现出先增加后减少趋势。当NP含量为200 mg·k
作者贡献声明
段 旭:图表绘制,数据分析以及论文写作。
冯雷雨:实验指导。
周 琪:实验指导。
陈银广:资助项目获取,实验设计与过程指导,论文修改及质量控制。
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