摘要
以聚苯乙烯(PS)微塑料(MPs)为例,分析其在渗滤液中的老化规律以及老化过程对抗性基因(ARGs)的富集效应及富集机制。结果表明,90 d老化后PS微塑料比表面积增大、含氧基团增加。渗滤液中的PS微塑料表面可选择性富集ARGs,并且随着老化时间延长富集程度增加。进一步采用微生物属‒ARGs共相关网络和基因表达等来揭示PS微塑料富集ARGs的机制,证实PS微塑料表面形成的生态位具有更为密切的ARGs‒微生物关联关系,并且参与ARGs调控的基因表达水平较高。
塑料制品以其轻便等特点在日常生活和工业生产中被广泛使用,然而由于其难降解的特性而导致的塑料污染成为重要的环境问题之一。与此同时,废弃塑料在紫外线照射、风力等外界作用下逐步破碎化而形成一类广受关注的新兴污染物——微塑料。微塑料是指粒径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒。目前,微塑料已经被证实在海洋、土壤等中普遍存
在自然环境中,塑料和微塑料颗粒在阳光、风力等作用下逐步发生老化,从而改变其表面性质,而性质的变化导致微塑料的环境行为以及对其他污染物的影响效应发生改
以环境中存在浓度较高的PS微塑料为例,分析其在渗滤液体系中的表面性质变化,揭示其自然老化规律。在此基础上,分析PS微塑料老化过程对ARGs的富集效应,并从微生物群落富集、微生物与ARGs的关联关系和调控基因表达等方面揭示影响机制。
实验所用的PS微塑料购自中国上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,尺寸为0.5~3.0 mm。PS是颗粒类和泡沫类塑料的主要成分,主要来源为生活用品及水上泡沫浮标
为避免渗滤液中固有微塑料和其他颗粒态杂质的干扰,实验前对渗滤液进行300目(目=孔·
在对提取的PS微塑料进行表面理化性质分析之前,先用体积分数为30%的H2O2消化,再用双蒸水(ddH2O)冲洗3次,去除表面附着的微生物和有机物。得到的PS微塑料进一步自然干燥,以进行后续理化性质表征。
PS微塑料的热稳定性采用热重分析仪STA449F3(NETZSCH,Germany)分析。PS微塑料质量为10 mg,通过N2吸附/脱附,以10 ℃·mi
用PowerSoil DNA试剂盒(MoBio,USA) 提取PS微塑料颗粒和渗滤液样品的总DNA。用SMA4000分光光度计(Merinton,China)检测DNA含量,提取的DNA保存于-20 ℃条件下用于后续的ARGs定量和微生物群落分析。
采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)在CFX96(Bio‒Rad, USA)上检测ARGs丰
利用Illumina Miseq 2000平台对细菌16S rRNA的基因高变区(V3‒V4)进行扩增、纯化、定量并测序,以研究渗滤液和PS微塑料上的细菌群落结构。生成的序列通过Ribosomal Database Project(RDP)将引物、低质量、歧义碱基序列过滤掉,从而得到高质量序
在自然环境下,PS微塑料易发生老化现象,从而导致表面理化性质的改变。采用热重分析揭示PS微塑料的热稳定性变化。如

图 1 PS微塑料颗粒在渗滤液中老化90 d前后的性质表征
Fig.1 Characteristics of PS MPs before and after being aged in leachate for 90 d
老化前后PS微塑料的比表面积、元素组成等理化参数如

图2 不同老化时间下PS微塑料的红外光谱
Fig.2 FTIR spectra of PS MPs before and after being aged in leachate for different aged days
除了PS微塑料,抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)也是渗滤液中存在的高风险新兴污染物之

图3 目标ARGs在渗滤液中和PS 微塑料表面上相对丰度变化箱线图
Fig.3 Boxplot of relative abundance variations of target ARGs in leachate and on PS MPs’ surface
细菌群落是决定ARGs环境行为的重要因素之
采用网络分析进一步从群落结构变化的角度揭示PS微塑料表面上ARGs的富集规律。

图4 渗滤液中和PS微塑料表面上ARGs与潜在宿主属的相互作用网络分析
Fig.4 Network analysis of co-occurrence of ARGs and potential host genera in leachate and on PS MPs’ surface
除了细菌群落,ARGs的变化受到微生物基因水平的调控。基于此,采用Picrust分析预测了部分与调控抗性基因相关基因的相对丰度。

图5 渗滤液中和PS微塑料表面上与ARGs相关的部分功能基因表达水平
Fig. 5 Predicted expression level of typical functional genes involved in ARGs propagation in leachate and on PS MPs’ surface
(1)渗滤液中长期存在的PS微塑料颗粒发生老化现象,90 d老化后可导致其表面理化性质改变,包括热稳定性改变、比表面积变大、C-O基团含量增加等。
(2)渗滤液中PS微塑料表面上选择性富集ARGs,并且随着老化时间延长富集倍数显著增加。此外,PS微塑料表面附着的微生物群落中含有更高相对丰度的病原菌。
(3)相比渗滤液体系中,PS微塑料表面上ARGs与微生物形成更为稳定和密切的关联关系,参与抗生素抗性的调控基因表达水平较高。这些结果都导致PS微塑料表面上ARGs相对丰度较高,从而增强ARGs的扩散风险。
作者贡献声明
苏应龙:制定研究方案,指导并参与实验设计、数据分析、论文写作。
庞蕊蕊:数据分析,论文初稿写作与修改。
邵博群:参与数据分析,论文写作与修改。
张中键:参与实验设计和老化实验过程。
谢 冰:指导方案设计,论文写作与修改。
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