摘要
近几年抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)作为一种新型污染物在世界各地的水体、土壤中被频繁检出,其在环境中大量扩散和增殖十分容易导致微生物获得抗生素抗性,对人体健康产生潜在威胁。结合国内外文献报道数据,介绍了ARGs在城市饮水系统中污染现状,描述了其赋存特征,发现在国内外城市饮水系统中ARGs的数量不容小觑,数量最高可达1.38×1
在2000年首次发现了可移动的抗性基因单元之后,Pruden
目前全世界各地饮水厂、污水厂、输配水管道、兽类/水产养殖场等都存在着大量的ARGs和抗生素耐药菌(ARB),尤其是与人类生活紧密联系的饮水系统,亟需引起高度重视。本文结合近几年国内外对ARGs的研究,系统介绍了城市饮水系统中ARGs的赋存特征,综述了影响ARGs赋存特征的典型因素,强调了其潜在健康威胁,并为未来ARGs的研究提出了建议。
人类健康与饮水安全息息相关,ARGs作为一种新型污染物,现已渗透到居民日常用水的各个环节之中。为了保障人体健康,必须对日常用水所经过的环境提出新的保护方案。如

图1 ARGs随水体在城市中的循环途径
Fig. 1 Circulation of ARGs with water in cities
据报道,世界范围内的多个自然水域中已发现存在着大量的ARGs,其中,针对磺胺类、四环素类、大环内酯类和喹诺酮类抗生素的ARGs在几乎所有样品中被频繁检出。除此之外,β-内酰胺类、万古霉素类和氨基糖苷类ARGs也在多个地区以较高浓度水平赋存。
数据来源 | tet(A) | tet(B) | tet(C) | tet(G) | tet(M) | tet(O) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
文献[4] | 0.80±0.02~3.16±0.50 | 0.003±0~0.004±0.003 | 1.03±0.16~4.08±0.47 | 0.6±0.1~31.8±9.6 | 0.02±0~0.031±0.02 | 0.014±0~0.23±0 |
文献[5] |
0~1 | - | - | - |
0~1 | - |
文献[6] |
0~1 | - | - | - | - | - |
数据来源 | tet(X) | sul Ⅰ | sul Ⅱ | blaTEM | ermF | intI 1 |
文献[4] | 0.18±0.05~0.78±0.01 | 32±3~184±50 | 43±8~419±74 | 1.346±0.23~20.0±5.50 | - | - |
文献[5] | - |
10~1 |
0~1 |
10~1 |
10~1 |
10~1 |
文献[6] | - | - | - |
0~1 |
10~1 |
0~1 |
注: “-”表示未检测出或参考文献中未列举出。
不仅仅是水源水中存在着大量的ARGs,经过饮水厂处理的出水中也包含着大量的ARGs。Khan
从水源地提取出来的原水在经过饮水处理厂处理之后,往往通过输配水管道系统(DWDS)配送、满足生活和生产所需。DWDS作为一个相对密闭且相对独立的生态系统,其环境和饮水系统大相径庭,其中存在的微生物群落和ARGs也和饮水系统截然不同。Zhang
在发现抗生素之后的很长一段时间里,人们并没有发现ARGs的存在,因此,很多人认为ARGs是抗生素滥用后才出现的。然而Costa

图2 影响ARGs丰度的因素
Fig. 2 Factors influencing abundance of ARGs
在发展中国家城市,由于工业发展的需求以及治理重金属污染的能力有
大量的研究显示,细菌群落结构可能才是驱动ARGs传播的主要动
数据来源 | qnrA | tet(A) | tet(O) | sul 1 | sul 2 | vanA | blaTEM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
文献[24] | - |
3.5×1 |
8×1 |
1×1 |
3×1 |
5.5×1 | - |
文献[25] |
10~1 | - | - |
1 | - |
约1 |
1 |
注: “-”表示未检测出或参考文献中未列举出。
数据来源 | qnrA | tet(A) | tet(O) | sul 1 | sul 2 | vanA | blaTEM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
文献[24] | NA | + | NA | + | NA | NA | NA |
文献[25] | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | - | NA |
注: “+”表示经过生物膜之后ARGs丰度提升,“-”表示丰度减少,“NA”表示未能检测到明显变化或文献未列举出。
Zhu
除了上述要素对城市饮水系统中ARGs的丰度变化产生影响外,水处理工艺也是城市水循环中最重要、不可或缺的因素之一,ARGs的赋存特征和去除程度和水处理工艺息息相关。
传统水处理工艺通常采用物理方法。物理方法常采用砂滤、絮凝、沉淀等。这些方法的作用、原理各不相同,去除ARGs的效果也大相径庭。有研究表明,砂滤和沉淀处理过后的水体,其ARGs绝对丰度和检出数量均有明显下降(P<0.05
氯消毒剂是采用最多的化学制剂,但是对于ARGs丰度的限制十分有
生物活性炭(BAC)因为具有高效的吸附性、生物降解的性质,往往被当作一种高效的水处理技术。但是在实际运用中,BAC往往不能表现出对ARGs的去除效果。Su
人类健康与饮水安全息息相关。ARGs容易在饮用水之间传播,并可能转移到人类共生微生物中,提高致病菌抗性或降低人体对抗生素的敏感性,家用净水器一般在48~80d时ARGs达到高水
数据来源 | 16SrRNA | blaTEM | intI 1 | qnrA | Sul 1 | vanA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
文献[25] |
1 |
10~1 |
1 |
10~1 |
10~1 |
10~1 |
文献[42] | - |
1 | - |
1 |
1 |
1 |
文献[31] |
1 | - | - | - |
1 | - |
注: “-”表示未检测出或参考文献中未列举出。
ARGs对人体健康风险的问题聚焦于末端出水(水龙头和二次水箱),一般认为ARGs风险暴露方式是HGT和机会致病菌(OPs)对人体的侵袭(

图3 人体暴露ARGs风险途径
Fig. 3 Human exposure to ARGs risk
宏基因组学方法研究ARGs的丰度、宿主和共现模式是常见方式,在研究中同时结合生态毒理学或者耐药性选择就可以对ARGs进行风险评
该体系可以按照不同的风险等级,将已知的ARGs进行区间划分,这样不但可以提示研究者将工作重心放在何处,还可以在面对未来新型的ARGs时,通过对比与其相似的已知ARGs,在研究初期就对其做出一个初步的判断,节省科研资源。Zhang
现有城市饮水系统中ARGs的赋存较为丰富,水处理工艺对ARGs的去除效果都不尽人意(除了UV/AOPs技术),其中BAC易引起ARGs和ARB的富集,加速细菌之间ARGs的传递;氯化消毒也被认为是引起水体中ARGs丰度增加的原因之一。除此之外,数据表明微生物群落、环境因素(重金属、微塑料等)还有MGEs是促进城市饮水系统中ARGs水平传播的主要驱动因素,抗生素浓度对ARGs的影响不如预期。
大多数ARGs的研究都集中在对样品前后进行高通量测定、对ARGs丰度和数量的描述,以及强调其传播的可能性和潜在的人类健康风险,但是对其具体的去除机制以及ARGs带来的真实风险却缺乏深入探究,也尚未建立起权威的风险评价体系。根据现有ARGs的文献,有以下几点建议:
(1)在日后的研究中,不仅仅集中在对ARGs的污染现状描述,更应聚焦于其对人体健康的真实风险,如探究ARGs向人体共生微生物转移的可能性。
(2)ARGs种类和数量繁多,将ARGs划分为不同的风险等级似乎难以实现,但是这几年人工智能发展极为迅速,基于机器学习和深度学习的强大功能,将研究重心放在已明确对人体健康产生风险的基因组,建立一个ARGs的风险等级评估框架似乎变得可行。鉴于底层神经网络的性质,未来学习模型的性能还能进一步增强。
(3)现在对ARGs的研究往往只关注ARGs本身,那些和ARGs传播相关的非ARGs基因的研究还存在着大量空白,这些非ARGs基因在城市饮水系统中ARGs迁移、传播的各个环节的影响机制还有待进一步阐述。
作者贡献声明
代朝猛:研究概念生成,研究资金获取,研究课题监管与指导,论文审阅与修订。
万罗超:论文初稿撰写,资料查询,数据整理与管理,数据分析与可视化。
游学极:研究概念生成,资料查询,论文审阅与修订。
赖小莹:资料查询,论文审阅与修订。
刘曙光:资源、形势分析。
张亚雷:形势分析。
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